Groups working on this task are reminded that they must first offer an abstract or summary to introduce / induct the reader to the event before offering their answers to the questions.
Questions
1. What lessons can we learn from this discovery?
2. What are the implications of this discovery on the whole concept of history?
3. How do you think this discovery may possibly affect Indonesia?
What lessons can we learn from this discovery?
The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was the largest in recorded history. Lives were lost together with the culture. The world was totally oblivious of the existence of the city. From this incident, we should learn to be more aware of our surroundings and take precautions before any disasters occur.
There were also problems in communication as people of the same country have to adapt to each other's languages. Thus language can be easily created and destroyed, communication being an important key to understand each other's needs.
This incident triggered a domino effect across the world. Although countries like Singapore might not face such disasters, we should be prepared of any happenings that might occur. Therefore everyone should play a part to prevent any calamities.
There were also problems in communication as people of the same country have to adapt to each other's languages. Thus language can be easily created and destroyed, communication being an important key to understand each other's needs.
This incident triggered a domino effect across the world. Although countries like Singapore might not face such disasters, we should be prepared of any happenings that might occur. Therefore everyone should play a part to prevent any calamities.
Introduction
Scientists have found what they believe are traces of the lost Indonesian civilization of Tambora, which was wiped out in 1815 by the biggest volcanic eruption in recorded history.
Mount Tambora's cataclysmic eruption on April 10, 1815, buried the inhabitants of Sumbawa Island under searing ash, gas and rock and is blamed for an estimated 88,000 deaths. The eruption was at least four times more powerful than Mount Krakatoa's in 1883.
Guided by ground-penetrating radar, U.S. and Indonesian researchers recently dug in a gully where locals had found ceramics and bones. They unearthed the remains of a thatch house, pottery, bronze and the carbonized bones of two people, all in a layer of sediment dating to the eruption.
An estimated 10,000 people lived in the town when the volcano erupted!!
Because of this eruption, it shot 400 million tons of sulfuric gases into the atmosphere, causing global cooling. It created what historians call ‘‘The Year Without a Summer’’ because many other parts of the world were affected crop and harvest killing frosts.
The civilization on Sumbawa Island has intrigued researchers ever since Dutch and British explorers visited in the early 1800s and were surprised to hear a language that did not sound like any other spoken in Indonesia.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS DISCOVERY ON HISTORY
Mount Tambora's cataclysmic eruption on April 10, 1815, buried the inhabitants of Sumbawa Island under searing ash, gas and rock and is blamed for an estimated 88,000 deaths. The eruption was at least four times more powerful than Mount Krakatoa's in 1883.
Guided by ground-penetrating radar, U.S. and Indonesian researchers recently dug in a gully where locals had found ceramics and bones. They unearthed the remains of a thatch house, pottery, bronze and the carbonized bones of two people, all in a layer of sediment dating to the eruption.
The civilization on Sumbawa Island has intrigued researchers ever since Dutch and British explorers visited in the early 1800s and were surprised to hear a language that did not sound like any other spoken in Indonesia, Sigurdsson said. Some scholars believe the language more closely resembled those spoken in Indochina. But not long after Westerners first encountered Tambora, the society was destroyed.
Some of what the researchers found may suggest Tambora's inhabitants came from Indochina or had commercial ties with the region, Sigurdsson said. For example, ceramic pottery uncovered during the dig resembles that common to Vietnam.
John Miksic, an archaeologist at the National University of Singapore, has seen video of the dig and said he believes Sigurdsson's team did find a dwelling destroyed by the eruption.
But he doubts the Tamborans were from Indochina or spoke a language from that area. If Vietnamese-style ceramics reached the island, it was probably through trade with intermediaries, Miksic said.
During the dig, Sigurdsson's team found the charred skeleton of a woman who was most likely in her kitchen. A metal machete and a melted glass bottle lay nearby. The remains of another person were found just outside what was probably the front door.
The team included researchers from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington and the Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology.
One of history's most violent volcanic eruptions blasted the island of Sumbawa in the East Indies in 1815. The sulfurous gases and fiery ashes from Mount Tambora cast a pall over the entire world, causing the global cooling of 1816, known as the "year without a summer."
The explosions killed 117,000 people on the island, now part of Indonesia, and wiped out the tiny kingdom of Tambora, on the volcano's western flank. The fast-moving avalanche of pumice and ash buried the town under 10 feet of debris, with only 4 of its estimated 10,000 residents surviving.
A team of American and Indonesian scientists has now found remains of what it says is the "lost kingdom of Tambora."
In an announcement yesterday by the Graduate School of Oceanography of the University of Rhode Island, the scientists reported uncovering bronze bowls, ceramic pots, fine china, glass, and iron tools in gullies running through the jungle growth 15 miles from the volcano.
Preliminary excavations, they said, exposed the carbonized framework of a house about 20 by 33 feet in size. The log beams, even some of the bamboo siding and thatch roof, are charcoal black, but the original shape of the house is preserved. Skeletons of two adults lay where they died, one of them clutching a large knife.
"There's potential that Tambora could be the Pompeii of the East, and it could be of great cultural interest," said Haraldur Sigurdsson, a geophysicist at Rhode Island who specializes in the study of volcanoes.
The volcano is dormant, not dead. Twice since 1815, it has rumbled to brief life, mere burps compared with the destructive eruption that cost the mountain more than 3,000 feet of its height, reducing its elevation to 9,354 feet. The summit crater still smells of sulfur venting from the depths.
Dr. Sigurdsson said in a phone interview that Indonesian archaeologists had examined the artifacts and were planning systematic excavations this year. Their first impression of the material suggested that the Tamboran culture was linked by ancestry or trade to Vietnam and Cambodia.
The many bronze pieces and historical evidence from Dutch and, briefly, British colonial days, Dr. Sigurdsson said, supported the belief that Tamborans were "not poor people at all, but actually quite well off."
A six-week survey with ground-penetrating radar, capable of revealing material to depths of 30 feet, showed the outlines of boulders, terraced fields and the house. Spot excavations yielded more pottery and bronze, some bones and teeth, knives and a whetstone, even carbonized rice.
The site on the volcano slope is about three miles from the coast, conforming to an island tradition of settling inland, a safe distance from seagoing pirates. Such towns were usually ruled by a king who lived in the largest house, a few of which have survived elsewhere in the islands.
Next year, Dr. Sigurdsson expects to extend the radar survey, searching for traces of the rest of Tambora and perhaps the king's house. If Tambora is indeed like Pompeii, which was buried in an instant by the erupting Mount Vesuvius, the scientist said, "all the people, their houses and culture are still encapsulated there as they were in 1815."
Mount Tambora's cataclysmic eruption on April 10, 1815, buried the inhabitants of Sumbawa Island under searing ash, gas and rock and is blamed for an estimated 88,000 deaths. The eruption was at least four times more powerful than Mount Krakatoa's in 1883.
Guided by ground-penetrating radar, U.S. and Indonesian researchers recently dug in a gully where locals had found ceramics and bones. They unearthed the remains of a thatch house, pottery, bronze and the carbonized bones of two people, all in a layer of sediment dating to the eruption.
The civilization on Sumbawa Island has intrigued researchers ever since Dutch and British explorers visited in the early 1800s and were surprised to hear a language that did not sound like any other spoken in Indonesia, Sigurdsson said. Some scholars believe the language more closely resembled those spoken in Indochina. But not long after Westerners first encountered Tambora, the society was destroyed.
Some of what the researchers found may suggest Tambora's inhabitants came from Indochina or had commercial ties with the region, Sigurdsson said. For example, ceramic pottery uncovered during the dig resembles that common to Vietnam.
John Miksic, an archaeologist at the National University of Singapore, has seen video of the dig and said he believes Sigurdsson's team did find a dwelling destroyed by the eruption.
But he doubts the Tamborans were from Indochina or spoke a language from that area. If Vietnamese-style ceramics reached the island, it was probably through trade with intermediaries, Miksic said.
During the dig, Sigurdsson's team found the charred skeleton of a woman who was most likely in her kitchen. A metal machete and a melted glass bottle lay nearby. The remains of another person were found just outside what was probably the front door.
The team included researchers from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington and the Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology.
One of history's most violent volcanic eruptions blasted the island of Sumbawa in the East Indies in 1815. The sulfurous gases and fiery ashes from Mount Tambora cast a pall over the entire world, causing the global cooling of 1816, known as the "year without a summer."
The explosions killed 117,000 people on the island, now part of Indonesia, and wiped out the tiny kingdom of Tambora, on the volcano's western flank. The fast-moving avalanche of pumice and ash buried the town under 10 feet of debris, with only 4 of its estimated 10,000 residents surviving.
A team of American and Indonesian scientists has now found remains of what it says is the "lost kingdom of Tambora."
In an announcement yesterday by the Graduate School of Oceanography of the University of Rhode Island, the scientists reported uncovering bronze bowls, ceramic pots, fine china, glass, and iron tools in gullies running through the jungle growth 15 miles from the volcano.
Preliminary excavations, they said, exposed the carbonized framework of a house about 20 by 33 feet in size. The log beams, even some of the bamboo siding and thatch roof, are charcoal black, but the original shape of the house is preserved. Skeletons of two adults lay where they died, one of them clutching a large knife.
"There's potential that Tambora could be the Pompeii of the East, and it could be of great cultural interest," said Haraldur Sigurdsson, a geophysicist at Rhode Island who specializes in the study of volcanoes.
The volcano is dormant, not dead. Twice since 1815, it has rumbled to brief life, mere burps compared with the destructive eruption that cost the mountain more than 3,000 feet of its height, reducing its elevation to 9,354 feet. The summit crater still smells of sulfur venting from the depths.
Dr. Sigurdsson said in a phone interview that Indonesian archaeologists had examined the artifacts and were planning systematic excavations this year. Their first impression of the material suggested that the Tamboran culture was linked by ancestry or trade to Vietnam and Cambodia.
The many bronze pieces and historical evidence from Dutch and, briefly, British colonial days, Dr. Sigurdsson said, supported the belief that Tamborans were "not poor people at all, but actually quite well off."
A six-week survey with ground-penetrating radar, capable of revealing material to depths of 30 feet, showed the outlines of boulders, terraced fields and the house. Spot excavations yielded more pottery and bronze, some bones and teeth, knives and a whetstone, even carbonized rice.
The site on the volcano slope is about three miles from the coast, conforming to an island tradition of settling inland, a safe distance from seagoing pirates. Such towns were usually ruled by a king who lived in the largest house, a few of which have survived elsewhere in the islands.
Next year, Dr. Sigurdsson expects to extend the radar survey, searching for traces of the rest of Tambora and perhaps the king's house. If Tambora is indeed like Pompeii, which was buried in an instant by the erupting Mount Vesuvius, the scientist said, "all the people, their houses and culture are still encapsulated there as they were in 1815."
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